A survey of yes. I learned of the command in my C and Unix class at Drake where students would prank each other with:
yes "Don't you hate dialup connections?" | write USERNAME&
All fun and games util someone left a terminal unattended and had everything piped to a file - a file which overwrote the swap space of the campus DEC server and crashed it. The sysadmin was nonplussed.
Berkeley Unix yes is poetically succinct.
#include <stdio.h>
int main __P((int, char **));
int
main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
if (argc > 1)
for(;;)
(void)puts(argv[1]);
else for (;;)
(void)puts("y");
}
Unix v7 almost reads like APL.
main(argc, argv)
char **argv;
{
for (;;)
printf("%s\n", argc>1? argv[1]: "y");
}
GNU yes weighs in at 130 lines, not counting the headers it pulls in.
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include "system.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "full-write.h"
#include "long-options.h"
It makes sure we know that the author is David Mackenzie who went from GNU hippie to munging data for the military industrial complex. There are a few features of note. It attempts to reuse the operand strings to save a memory allocation when possible. The “smart” parsing has had problems with portability. Even the –help parsing has been problematic.
full-write.c and safe-read.c remind me of Dan Luu’s talk on files.
Suckless yes prints the help message upon trying to pass in any command line flags.
Illuminos (formerly Solaris) yes also does not print help messages. It also allows multiple output strings which it separates with spaces.
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc <= 1) {
while (puts("y") != EOF)
continue;
} else {
for (;;) {
int i;
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
if (i > 1)
if (putchar(' ') == EOF)
goto err;
if (fputs(argv[i], stdout) == EOF)
goto err;
}
if (putchar('\n') == EOF)
goto err;
}
}
err:
return (1);
}
This presents a few questions. Should yes take multiple strings? Should yes emit a help message? Should yes retry interupted or partial writes? If yes takes multiple input strings should they be pre-serialzed into a single contiguious buffer? What return codes should yes have or do they even matter?
See yes.rs which comes in at 86 lines and uses the clap argument parser.
execve("./target/release/yes", ["./target/release/yes"], 0x7fff861db910 /* 22 vars */) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x55c5173af000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=26056, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 26056, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f2a4b9000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libdl.so.2", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\340\16\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=19208, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f6f2a4b7000
mmap(NULL, 2109744, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f2a099000
mprotect(0x7f6f2a09c000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f6f2a29b000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x2000) = 0x7f6f2a29b000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/librt.so.1", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\300!\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=43680, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2128832, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f29e91000
mprotect(0x7f6f29e98000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f6f2a097000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x6000) = 0x7f6f2a097000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libpthread.so.0", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0pa\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=149272, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2217064, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f29c73000
mprotect(0x7f6f29c8b000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f6f29e8b000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x18000) = 0x7f6f29e8b000
mmap(0x7f6f29e8d000, 13416, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f6f29e8d000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libgcc_s.so.1", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\320*\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=88640, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2184240, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f29a5d000
mprotect(0x7f6f29a72000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f6f29c71000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x14000) = 0x7f6f29c71000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0@\21\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2021312, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 3844768, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f6f296b2000
mprotect(0x7f6f29853000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f6f29a53000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1a1000) = 0x7f6f29a53000
mmap(0x7f6f29a59000, 15008, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f6f29a59000
close(3) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f6f2a4b5000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7f6f2a4b6180) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f29a53000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f29c71000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f29e8b000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f2a097000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f2a29b000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x55c51589b000, 24576, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f6f2a4c0000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7f6f2a4b9000, 26056) = 0
set_tid_address(0x7f6f2a4b6450) = 10317
set_robust_list(0x7f6f2a4b6460, 24) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGRTMIN, {sa_handler=0x7f6f29c78c30, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f6f29c847e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGRT_1, {sa_handler=0x7f6f29c78cb0, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f6f29c847e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, [RTMIN RT_1], NULL, 8) = 0
prlimit64(0, RLIMIT_STACK, NULL, {rlim_cur=8192*1024, rlim_max=RLIM64_INFINITY}) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {sa_handler=SIG_IGN, sa_mask=[PIPE], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, sa_restorer=0x7f6f296e5b50}, {sa_handler=SIG_DFL, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=0}, 8) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x55c5173af000
brk(0x55c5173d0000) = 0x55c5173d0000
brk(NULL) = 0x55c5173d0000
open("/proc/self/maps", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
prlimit64(0, RLIMIT_STACK, NULL, {rlim_cur=8192*1024, rlim_max=RLIM64_INFINITY}) = 0
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0444, st_size=0, ...}) = 0
read(3, "55c5155d7000-55c51569b000 r-xp 0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, " /usr/lib64/l"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "6.so\n7f6f2a098000-7f6f2a099000 r"..., 1024) = 1024
close(3) = 0
sched_getaffinity(10317, 32, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) = 32
rt_sigaction(SIGSEGV, NULL, {sa_handler=SIG_DFL, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=0}, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGSEGV, {sa_handler=0x55c515650450, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_ONSTACK|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f6f29c847e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGBUS, NULL, {sa_handler=SIG_DFL, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=0}, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGBUS, {sa_handler=0x55c515650450, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_ONSTACK|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f6f29c847e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
sigaltstack(NULL, {ss_sp=NULL, ss_flags=SS_DISABLE, ss_size=0}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f6f2a4bd000
mprotect(0x7f6f2a4bd000, 4096, PROT_NONE) = 0
sigaltstack({ss_sp=0x7f6f2a4be000, ss_flags=0, ss_size=8192}, NULL) = 0
getrandom("\x7d\x0c\xf4\x5e\x1d\xb4\x35\x4c\x91\x1f\x38\x85\x4d\x00\x8e\x3a", 16, GRND_NONBLOCK) = 16
uname({sysname="Linux", nodename="LAPTOP-PNLGM1UH", ...}) = 0
fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(0x88, 0), ...}) = 0
fcntl(1, F_GETFL) = 0x8402 (flags O_RDWR|O_APPEND|O_LARGEFILE)
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 16382
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 16382) = 8439
--- SIGINT {si_signo=SIGINT, si_code=SI_KERNEL} ---
+++ killed by SIGINT +++
Block writes are made. Is this good? It opens six shared files - including pthreads. Seems spammy.
Compare with GNU yes.
execve("/usr/bin/yes", ["yes"], 0x7fff995eae50 /* 22 vars */) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x255f000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=26056, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 26056, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710b8000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0@\21\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2021312, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fcb710b6000
mmap(NULL, 3844768, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb70af1000
mprotect(0x7fcb70c92000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7fcb70e92000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1a1000) = 0x7fcb70e92000
mmap(0x7fcb70e98000, 15008, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fcb70e98000
close(3) = 0
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7fcb710b7500) = 0
mprotect(0x7fcb70e92000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x605000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7fcb710bf000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7fcb710b8000, 26056) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x255f000
brk(0x2580000) = 0x2580000
brk(NULL) = 0x2580000
open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2997, ...}) = 0
read(3, "# Locale name alias data base.\n#"..., 4096) = 2997
read(3, "", 4096) = 0
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_IDENTIFICATION", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_IDENTIFICATION", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=368, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 368, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710be000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib64/gconv/gconv-modules.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=26370, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 26370, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710af000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MEASUREMENT", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MEASUREMENT", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=23, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 23, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710bd000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_TELEPHONE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_TELEPHONE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=59, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 59, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710bc000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_ADDRESS", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_ADDRESS", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=167, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 167, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710bb000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_NAME", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_NAME", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=77, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 77, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710ba000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_PAPER", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_PAPER", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=34, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 34, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710b9000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0755, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/SYS_LC_MESSAGES", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=57, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 57, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710b8000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MONETARY", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MONETARY", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=286, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 286, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb710ae000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_COLLATE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_COLLATE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=1244054, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 1244054, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb70f7e000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_TIME", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_TIME", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2454, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2454, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb70f7d000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_NUMERIC", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_NUMERIC", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=54, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 54, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb70f7c000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/usr/lib/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=330604, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 330604, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fcb70f2b000
close(3) = 0
fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(0x88, 0), ...}) = 0
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
--- SIGINT {si_signo=SIGINT, si_code=SI_KERNEL} ---
+++ killed by SIGINT +++
That is a ton of locale file read overhead. Anectodally it went a lot faster than the Rust version. I’ll have to benchmark.
Now compare with Unix 7 yes which I rewrote in modern C and compiled with -02.
#include<stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
for (;;)
printf("%s\n", argc>1? argv[1]: "y");
return 0;
}
execve("./unix7yes", ["./unix7yes"], 0x7ffe5f2895c0 /* 22 vars */) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x152e000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=26056, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 26056, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f05b0dcb000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0@\21\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2021312, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f05b0dc9000
mmap(NULL, 3844768, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f05b0804000
mprotect(0x7f05b09a5000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f05b0ba5000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1a1000) = 0x7f05b0ba5000
mmap(0x7f05b0bab000, 15008, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f05b0bab000
close(3) = 0
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7f05b0dca4c0) = 0
mprotect(0x7f05b0ba5000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x600000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f05b0dd2000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7f05b0dcb000, 26056) = 0
fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(0x88, 0), ...}) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x152e000
brk(0x154f000) = 0x154f000
brk(NULL) = 0x154f000
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
write(1, "y\n", 2) = 2
What is Rust uutils actually giving us?
du ./target/release/yes
#3516 ./target/release/yes
du /usr/bin/yes
#32 /usr/bin/yes
du ./unix7yes
#12 ./unix7yes
A hundredfold increase in release binary size over GNU yes. Threehundredfold over Unix 7 yes. Slower startup. Far longer compile time.
John Thagen has a repo with tips on reducing Rust binary sizes such as removing core::fmt, removing panic code to print stack traces, and using usafe{ libc::printf()}.
I’ll have to noodle.
extern crate libc;
fn main() {
const HELLO: &'static str = "y\n\0";
unsafe {
while true{
libc::printf(HELLO.as_ptr() as *const _);
}
}
}
It still comes in at 100 times larger than Unix 7 yes.
du ./target/release/mini_yes
#1280 ./target/release/mini_yes
That is with the cargo file set to:
[profile.release]
panic = "abort"
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
incremental = false